The operation of the two organizations is quite different, as are their charters - but from our perspective those differences aren't all that relevant. Our question is: are we safe?
Well, "safe" is a concept that has different meanings to different folks. Without getting into meaningless "philosophy," the effect is that US rules and conventions differ somewhat from their Canadian counterparts.
Regarding panels specifically, two differences are the way clearances are measured and the separation of 'line' conductors.
The measurement difference is largely academic; 1/2" over a 36"/1 meter distance isn't enough to concern anyone but the guy doing the testing. (We measure working space from the face of the panel to 36"; they measure a meter from the actual live parts).
Canadian rules would not allow the insulation-covered bussbars that we often see crossing from the meter (sealed) section into the panel (load) section. Thus, a "CSA" panel will have a metal piece fixed over these conductors. Again, the actual difference in 'safety' is largely academic.