Breaker pole spacing is the issue, and it only comes in 2 classes, 300V and 600V. So for everything 240V and down, the pole spacing might be a little tighter because it can be and they want to cram more breakers in a tighter space, but for 480V, you can't do that because of the risk of flash over between poles.
So bottom line, no problem using 240V on a 208V listed panel, at least temporarily. But if it is 3 phase service, you have an issue with the 120/240V 3 phase 4 wire issue. In a panel made specifically for 120/208V 3Ph4W, there are no restrictions on putting 1 pole breakers anywhere you want to. On a 120/240V 3Ph4W panel, some mfrs restrict you from connecting 1 pole breakers to the High leg. If you use a 208V 3Ph panel, you must be careful to not put 1 pole breakers in the High leg bus, and there will be no help from the mfr.