It reduces the signal in the coax.
May I ask, why you would need to do that? I'm ignorant.
Every turn up a stereo beyond what the wattage the speakers are rated for? If so, what happens?.... it sounds like crap, right?
Same principal applies to RF signals. Too much signal causes distortion. Attenuators, well, attenuate the signal.
Definition of attenuate:
Electronics To reduce (the amplitude of an electrical signal) with little or no distortion.
Those are called equalizers.They also make slope attenuators, which reduce signal strength by an amount that is dependent upon frequency; the lower the frequency, the greater the attenuation.
This is to compensate for the natural tendency of cable to attenuate the highest frequencies the most on long cable runs, so the signal strength at the end is more even.