430.83 has to do with a "controller". A "starter" is a controller + overload protection.
There is no official "cutoff" size for when a starter is required. If the motor SPECIFICALLY SAYS it has internal thermal protection, then a controller, per 430.83, will suffice.
If the motor does NOT SPECIFICALLY say that it has internal thermal protection, then you MUST provide running thermal overload protection externally, which combined with the controller rules in 430.83, means a starter.
A starter can be a Manual Motor Starter (MMS) or an electromechanical magnetic motor starter (Mag. Starter), or any type of electronic controller that is suitable listed as a starter, i.e. a VFD, soft starter, etc.