Sorry, but I do not understand the question. The transformer is "in between" what thing and what other thing? Where is the #10 wire (primary or secondary of transformer)?
I will say that the design process begins with determining the load. Then you pick a wire that has enough ampacity to handle that load. Then you pick an overcurrent device that can protect that wire. If there is a transformer involved, then you also need the overcurrent devices on the primary and secondary sides to protect not just the wires leading to and away from the transformer, but to also protect the windings of the transformer.