I think I have this right, but someone will correct me if I don't. Let's limit the discussion to 600 volt rated conductors.
I believe that for a multi-conductor cable, the insullation that surrounds each individual conductor is rated for 600 volts. The fact that the set of conductors has an overall jacket means nothing, in the context of the voltage rating of the cable. That is, the insulating properties of the jacket are not taken into account, when the voltage rating of the cable is determined.
For a single conductor cable with an outer jacket, the insulation itself is rated for the 600 volts, and the insulating properties of the jacket are irrelevant.
For a single conductor cable that does not have an outer jacket, the insulation itself is, once again, rated for the 600 volts.
Is that what you were asking?