To me, the term a "powder room" means it has a toilet and a sink. That would make it a "bathroom," per the NEC definition.
But to answer your question, it is never true that a bathroom must have its own 20 amp circuit. There are two ways you can do bathrooms.
One way is to use one circuit for all bathroom receptacles, and let that circuit feed every bathroom in the house. You can use more than one circuit for receptacles if you want to split up the load. But if a single circuit feeds receptacles in more than one bathroom, then that circuit may not feed any other type of outlet (e.g., no lights, fans, or smoke detectors), and it may not feed any other room.
The other way is to run one circuit to the bathroom, and use that circuit for no other room, not even another bathroom. If you do that, then the circuit can feed anything in that bathroom, (including lights or fans).