Switchgear is usually drawout type circuit breaker which means it is very very large compared to a switchboard. Switchgear is built to different UL/ANSI standards.
Switchboards are often use the same type of breakers that are found in "panelboards". They are often only 24-36" deep.
There are many other differences. If you are dealing with reduced down time and routine maintainability requirements (i.e. service entrance equipment for a hospital) then switchgear may be the right way to go. If you are concerned with installed costs and infrequent maintenance (i.e. an office building) then switchboards may be sufficient.
Sometimes "Switchgear" is a term used to mean any freestanding switchboard or switchgear. It's one of those words that gets used a lot in the wrong place.