I thought 312.8(A)(1) said does not exceed 40% of cross sectional area?For your first question, 2 wires on on breaker its 110.3 B follow listing instructions.
" two wires #14 spliced together with a #14 on a cb " IE do you have a wire nut in your panel? Ask him for a code reference (hint 312.8- as long as does not exceed 75 % of the cross sectional area.