It got added in the 1933 NEC, there is a table like the one infinity posted in the 1935, I dont have a copy of the 1933 but you can access the meetings proceedings on the NFPA's website under the 1933 NEC.
Before 1933 boxes in general had to be at least 1-1/2 inches deep, there were exceptions for pancake boxes etc.
The requirement that plaster be repaired around boxes and unused openings be closed goes back much farther than that.
Before 1928 boxes were not required at lighting outlets, and were mainly used with black rigid conduit and AC cable, since conduit fill with rubber wire was so restrictive there probably was not a easy way to 'overfill' an octagon box on a conduit system.