This is called a voltage drop calculation. You can go simple or you can go complex, and fair warning: if you ask here you will get a range of options
1) Determine how much current is expected to be carried on the circuit. Lots of times you can just use the circuit breaker rating, but you may need to consider starting current for thinks like motor loads, or actual use current for things like long lighting circuits that are only partly loaded.
2) The answer will depend upon supply voltage. The biggest issue with long runs is 'voltage drop', and the higher the supply voltage the more voltage drop you can generally tolerate.
3) Find out what voltage drop you need to design to. NEC _recommends_ 3% for branch circuits and 2% for feeders, but this is a recommendation not a requirement. Some energy codes will have requirements for some applications. Finally your loads will have voltage requirements for proper function.
4) The answer is different for single phase circuits or 3 phase circuits, so for any calculation make sure you know which you are using.
Then go to a 'voltage drop calculator', enter your parameters, and see what it says. I like this one:
https://www.southwire.com/calculator-vdrop
Say for example that you have a 240V single phase circuit, actual load of 48A on a 60A breaker, using #6 copper wire. I will allow 3% voltage drop. The calculator says that with this setup I can run 169 feet before I hit the 3% number.
-Jon
