Re: duplex recptacles
The NEC does not specify this. However, a fair number of specs do, and I think all the ones I have seen where ground is speced it is speced as the ground pin being up. I am not really sure why, since it does not seem all that significant.
I have been told it is so that if the plug is part way out, the exposed metal pin at the top will not be energized.
I have also been told it is because otherwise the text on the outlet would be upside down. Why this would matter is a bit of a stumper since the electrons don't care.