The Tesla Supercharger is one of several competing Level 3 EVSE standards. The Supercharger is proprietory to Tesla, whereas the current industry standard is CHAdeMO. Just recently there was a revision to the J1772 standard which adds high-current DC terminals to the standard Level 1/2 round J1772-2009 plug used by most EVs.
Level 1 - Can charge from a normal receptacle (120V 12A max) using AC/DC converter built into car.
Level 2 - Faster charge using dedicated circuit (typically 240V 32A) using AC/DC converter in car.
Level 3 - Dumps high-voltage high-current DC straight into the car's battery, bypassing the AC/DC converter.
Here's CHAdeMO and the new J1772-2012 Level 3 connector:
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