It does not say that you need to install a lock. It is a permissive statement. It says that if you wish to restrict access, then you are allowed to install a lock on the door. Obviously, if you only give the key to the maintenance electrician, then the room will be accessible only to that particular qualified person. But you can also give a copy of the key to the person whose work desk is in the room.
I am sorry, but you are not going to find an NEC article that supports your viewpoint that office furniture is not allowed in that room. As others have already mentioned, the only relevant NEC requirement is that the working clearances must be maintained. Perhaps if the room gets uncomfortably hot because of the electrical equipment (particularly transformers), then a case could be made that this is an unhealthy work environment. OSHA might have something to say about that.