Equipment Grounding Conductor History

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Commentary in a NFPA 99 annex points out that metallic conduit is the superior egc and the wire is basically a back up
 
infinity said:
In the past few years we've seen more and more projects where there are no wire type EGC's being used. MC-ap or EMT without an EGC is a great way to save money and developers are catching on to the fact that they've been wasting money on wire type EGC's for decades.
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That is refreshing to hear. I thought nearly everyone had succumbed to the cult of the green wire.
 
roger said:
Commentary in a NFPA 99 annex points out that metallic conduit is the superior egc and the wire is basically a back up
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Here is part of the NFPA 99 wording, it concerns 517.13 (A) & (B)

Excerpt from NFPA 99 A6.3.3.1.3

Measurements have shown that it is the metal raceway and building steel that provide most of the effective grounding path of less than 10 milliohms at the receptacle, including plug-to-receptacle impedance. The green grounding wire becomes a backup, not a primary grounding path performer.
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David Castor said:
www.scribd.com

GE Let's Be More Specific About Equipment Grounding | PDF

zero sequence
www.scribd.com www.scribd.com

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Determination of ground-fault current on common A-C grounded-neutral systems in standard steel or Aluminum conduit

A NEED has been indicated in the electrical industry for information which will enable the design engineer to predict the magnitude of fault current that will flow in a circuit enclosed by metal conduit when subjected to ground fault conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present usable...
ieeexplore.ieee.org ieeexplore.ieee.org

The second one is more specifically on-topic, but not accessible without IEEE Library access.
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Is there a link we can download and read with out joining or subscribing? perhaps on archive.org?
 
1959 NM cable was available in either grounded or ungrounded. Sometime soon after that they started requiring the reduced grounding conductor in NM cable.
Conduit has always been optional to include a conductor inside metallic raceway or cable. I remember discussion in 1974 whether it was good practice, or wasteful.
I've seen thousands of conduits damaged defeating the integrity of conduit. People are rough on electrical equipment. One should never underestimate the destructive ingenuity of mankind.
 
Willie B said:
1959 NM cable was available in either grounded or ungrounded. Sometime soon after that they started requiring the reduced grounding conductor in NM cable.
Conduit has always been optional to include a conductor inside metallic raceway or cable. I remember discussion in 1974 whether it was good practice, or wasteful.
I've seen thousands of conduits damaged defeating the integrity of conduit. People are rough on electrical equipment. One should never underestimate the destructive ingenuity of mankind.
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In a building with metal framing, metal plumbing, metal steam piping, metal ductwork, etc... a conduit could be pulled apart in numerous locations and still provide a low impedance fault clearing path, this is reflected in the NFPA 99 commentary.
 
Just found this gem of a install hiding in the wall above a panel this morning.
Panel looks to have been changed around 2009.
Conductors are old type r #8 solid.

panel-grounding.png
 
tortuga said:
Just found this gem of a install hiding in the wall above a panel this morning.
Panel looks to have been changed around 2009.
Conductors are old type r #8 solid.

View attachment 2566990
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Yep, another case of human error. I wonder if they thought landing the wire EGC's was neccessary.
 
infinity said:
I started offically in 1987 and back then we never pulled an EGC in a metal raceway. In my experience we didn't start pulling them until the mid to late 90s when IGs were becoming popular.
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I started in '84 and all I remember is pulling in an EGC. My thought process now as an electrical designer is that its a lot like Wi-fi, hardwired is better so I specify and EGC in everything because conduit can come apart, that wire cannot and if it does there is a bigger issue.
 
When I started as an apprentice in 2010 I was taught not to run ground wires in conduit unless it was in an area it could easily be damaged, but we mostly ran rigid and pretty much all of it was connected to metal frames of machinery. Every time I have worked with a apprentice that came from somewhere else they tell me its against code not to run a wire type egc because that is what they were told:rolleyes:
 
Having worked in older buildings where either the initial install was poor (leaving locknuts and/or set screws loose) or buildings settling, I've seen scorch marks where the conduit was used as the EGC during faults. Even seen the rain of fire myself when resetting the breaker at the start of answering a "breaker blew" complaint. So I always run an EGC, I do not want to be the person blamed 30 years from now! ;)
 
Frank DuVal said:
Having worked in older buildings where either the initial install was poor (leaving locknuts and/or set screws loose) or buildings settling, I've seen scorch marks where the conduit was used as the EGC during faults. Even seen the rain of fire myself when resetting the breaker at the start of answering a "breaker blew" complaint. So I always run an EGC, I do not want to be the person blamed 30 years from now! ;)
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Your first step in troubleshooting a tripped breaker call is to reset it?
 
don_resqcapt19 said:
There are still a huge number of circuits being installed using the raceway as the equipment grounding conductor as permitted by the code.
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250.118 right? I just had an inspector say my two gang box, on a rigid offset needs a pigtail to it. This is for a 240V 14-40R.

Inspector says I can also use a grounding bushing which I thought was for line side over 250V

It happened the day after I was reviewing the Grounding and Bonding book p 222 - didn't get a response yet but I really don't need more wire in my box
 
B677 said:
250.118 right? I just had an inspector say my two gang box, on a rigid offset needs a pigtail to it. This is for a 240V 14-40R.

Inspector says I can also use a grounding bushing which I thought was for line side over 250V

It happened the day after I was reviewing the Grounding and Bonding book p 222 - didn't get a response yet but I really don't need more wire in my box
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I am guessing he is saying you need to bond your receptacle to your EGC ie your pig tail to box or a bond bushing. 250.148(B)
 
Krusscher said:
I am guessing he is saying you need to bond your receptacle to your EGC ie your pig tail to box or a bond bushing. 250.148(B)
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Looking into it more I guess I am wrong about that. As long as your receptacle has a self grounding tab on it then you don't need the bond between the box to the receptacle. 250.146 I always assumed they wanted it bonded if for some reason the raised cover was off the box it would no longer have a ground path.
 
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