The copper oxide is a conductor the aluminum oxide is an insulator.
NEC Section 110.11 "Deteriorating Agents" calls attention to gases or agents that have a "deteriorating effect" on conductors such as galvanic corrosion and non-conductive surface oxide film that lead to thermal runaway.
Breaker could have been fine if heat from that lug did not generate enough to simulating overcurrent. Breaker monitors out going current/heat not incoming
The bus just visible above the main breaker looks fine therefore loose connection on the incoming terminal of the breaker is the heating problem.
And yes, jumper is there. C-H uses the copper finger from that aluminum strap to the "neutral" bar for bonding. If a sub panel, then one just leaves out that finger.