RV extension cord max length

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As I mentioned, that's called a power law, where the variable x is in the base of the exponentiation (x2, etc). An exponential law is where the variable x is in the exponent (ex, etc.).
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The insulation does not change the VD. That is determined by the size of the conductors inside the insulation. 10 AWG is 10 AWG regardless of what the insulation is. The thing that matters the most though is how much current you have flowing through those conductors. At zero current the VD is zero. The VD goes up as the current goes up, and it is not linear. It is related to the square of the current. So you might have 5 volts drop at ten Amps, but 20 Volts drop at 20 Amps.
I thought that, to first approximation, the power lost to VD is proportional to current squared but VD is proportional to current, since conductor resistance does not change that much.
A totally separate feature is that for constant load power the percent VD for a fixed conductor size is inversely proportional to system voltage.

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