Subpanels

For sure. I just landed over 30 refrigeration condenser units on a roof, all serviced from 1/2" and 3/4 EMT, with a non-metallic seal-tight whip on each end. So in that case yes green wire required. But even if I had ran 100% EMT I would still have pulled the green #12. Just for my own personal installations and peace of mind. It's a better install.
 
Please explain Sec. 250.122? I have been following this for years with no inspection issues. The jump to #10 ground copper happens at 60A.
 
No he split open some # 10 romex and used what was inside. The ground was #12 on a 30A service to an electric water heater.
 
No he split open some # 10 romex and used what was inside. The ground was #12 on a 30A service to an electric water heater.
Just for clarity try to avoid using the word service for things other than an Article 230 service. What you've described is a branch circuit.

The jump to 10 happens above 20 amps and runs to 60 amps.
Yes and it can get complicated. Actually a #12 EGC can be used for a 25 amp circuit when the circuit conductors are permitted to also be #12 with a 25 amp OCPD.
 
There is no rule that says EGC has to be insulated. There is a rule that says you can't use 12AWG EGC on a 30A circuit.
No for a water heater but could be yes for a motor running on #12 with a 30 amp breaker. EGC not required to be larger that the motor conductors. @16 amp motor could run on 12s 16 x 1.25 and require a 30 amp breaker
 
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