Here is a good read for you. Directly related to your question.
www.neca-neis.org
Your welcome.
The way I read it your co worker is incorrect, unless you have some kind of an amendment.
Enjoy your read and review applicable code sections.
I know sometimes artical 250 seams to be confusing however don't read more into it than what it says.
Soares is a great source of info on the subject. I would get the book and read thought it. It helped me a lot with artical 250.
It will guide you though the calculations you seek. It also holds the key to your question on 250.122 is set up.
There is a paper that called history of residential grounding. Search this and read. I think you find it interesting. It dates way back as the code was developed.
Here is an insert from the paper. As you read though it you find key items that directly relate to today's NEC code on grounded systems.
I know I like learning so I hope you enjoy.