220.14 determines branch circuit load for power outlets. The loads are fans (with starters) that are permanently installed and are not supplied by outlets. 220.14 and everything else I've found in 220 appears to dictate minimum ampacities for conductors. The NEC seems to have very little to say about minimum OCPD size other than 215.3. Maybe there's no code violation in running an 80A feeder to a 100A panel with a 60A main. Perhaps this is another example of why the NEC shouldn't be used as a design guide.
Article 220 covers load calculation of the NEC... nothing else. However, as you stated, per other articles and sections, these calculation results set the minimum allowable circuit ampacity... and also minimum ocpd in many instances.
I'm uncertain how you perceive Article 220 calculations, but over the years I've witnessed many a tradeperson going to extremes trying to avoid doing a load calculation... expending more time and energy than they would have if they just did the calculations... and in they end, more often than not, they end up doing the calculations anyway. Not saying this is you, but it is my advice that you not let it be you. If you need help doing the calculations, we are here to help!
Now for another tidbit...
I do not know of any instance offhand that a load is not supplied by an outlet. The outlet does not have to be wires an outlet box. It can simply be the wires landing in a motor controller (i.e. starter) enclosure or utilization equipment termination section. See the definition in Article 100.