It isnt the cable jacket that code section is referring to, its the NM cable itself.
And like Little Bill mentioned, a box or panel in an exterior wall can have NM cable in it.
Remember, the code is a pretty good guide for safe electrical installations, based on years of engineering and observation.
It’s not the Holy Bible, and you don’t really need to nitpick over every little nuance of every word.
There are standard methods for electrical installations, that we’ve been using for decades, inspectors, planners and electricians understand it, and sometimes it might seem like it goes against some wording in the code, but it’s really not important.
If the code was infallible, they wouldn’t rewrite it every three years.