I would say no. The code says GFCI receptacle. And it requires the placement of a label on the GFCI receptacle stating "No Equipment Ground". At a minimum, attempting the same thing with a standard 3 wire receptacle and a GFCI breaker would require a label on the standard 3 wire receptacle stating "No Equipment Ground". I'm not aware of the latter being allowed, even if it would create the electrical equivalence of the former.
Too many possible issues over time. Lose the label. Swap the breaker. Now there is a three prong outlet without an EGC and without GFCI protection. It's only electrically equivalent if it can be maintained as such. Limiting the exception to GFCI receptacles reduces the chance of a dangerous situation being created in the future.
But that's the read from a non-electrician non-practicing electrical engineer (me) thinking in engineering safety terms. I'm ready to be schooled otherwise by those in the daily weeds.
Coming from the "weeds" let the schooling begin!
You may replace a non-grounding receptacle with a grounding receptacle by either using a GFCI receptacle to protect it or a GFCI breaker. If you read the code and saw only the "GFCI receptacle" , then you didn't read down far enough.
406.4(D)(2)(C)
(c) A non–grounding-type receptacle(s) shall be permitted
to be replaced with a grounding-type receptacle(s) where
supplied
through a ground-fault circuit interrupter. Where
grounding-type receptacles are supplied through the ground fault
circuit interrupter, grounding-type receptacles or their
cover plates shall be marked “GFCI Protected” and “No Equipment
Ground,” visible after installation. An equipment grounding
conductor shall not be connected between the grounding type
receptacles.
