Can I have a room outside? Please note is says "of" a dwelling not 'in'.
I see no reason why you can't have a room outside. I also think if you want it to be a "room" then the applicable part of 210.52 needs applied for receptacle spacing, possibly need to provide AFCI, and likely need to provide GFCI since it is outdoors, it also probably should require a wall switched lighting outlet - You have opened something up here that needs its own thread.
Should permits be pulled when installing fixed equipment? Here yes. I do not know about Hooterville.
As to the frig or freezer. Can you just buy on and plug it in? Yes.
If it trips breakers should you add a circuit? Yes. Permit required? Here yes.
Would it need to be GFCI protected? In the above example yes.
As a responsible electrical contractor you would try to explain this (why and how things should be done) to your clients.
We are discussing what is required and not our personal feelings. Correct?
Replace "frig or freezer" in your first sentence here with window A/C, dehumidifier, portable space heater, vacuum cleaner, computer equipment, audio video equipment, the list can go on forever, and I still agree with most of what you said. If owner/user buys equipment and there is a place it will plug into and work so what - happens all the time. If they add some equipment, begin to overload circuit with it, and call an electrician then it becomes the electricians job to do whatever he does according to codes. If local laws require a permit then it is his responsibility to file them. Not all places will require a permit to add this receptacle, does not mean the NEC still doesn't apply though, if someone is injured or killed and they find you did not follow codes, you will have a lawsuit on your hands, even if no permit was requiered.
I don't know what you are getting at with the GFCI requirement unless I am not aware of the location you are specifying, I thought we were talking about dining room receptacles. AFCI would be required in the dining room.