Dear Bryan, Don, George
I just thought that by sharing, some answers will be revealed, or more questions or uncertainties turns out, whichever, we can get something useful or ?something to avoid? with our humble contributions.
1. What is the function of GES?
GES hopes to ?provide a channel? for unwanted electrical energy to be expended at the earth. The ?earth? being a natural energy absorber. These unwanted energies are leakage ( insulation breakdown & faults) or transients (switch surges or lightning). By being effective channel, moving to other energy paths are hopefully avoided although not eliminated such as sideflash or heating or sparking.
Being itself, it cannot do the job of ?Protection of properties?. Quick Energy Source Cut-off and/or ?collection and then divertion to earth? (without being destroyed) is needed or done to do the protection job.
?Protection of Persons(safer electrical systems) by effective GES? will not be a solution, As long as potential differences exists people will still be affected. A GES working properly ( conducting fault currents ), a grounded object can still give a shock when a ?person is in contact? with it. Because electricity will go through all available paths,( its like expecting not to get wet of feel impact when touching a waterfalls, anywhere on its path of travel).
Elevating a location to a level of the energy source is impractical and expensive, (creating bird on a wire condition), Even a substation, with all calculations its goes thru in the possible magnitude of voltages that may exist, the best personal safety solution is still the sign board that reads ? Danger High Voltage, Keep away?
Bonding to keep potentials equal on different magnetic (metal ) surfaces (caused by induction) will work for low energy levels.
If prescence of transient/faulted energy is forseen,at best, keeping away is the most certain solution and Highly insulative PPEs and ?Insurance? for us guys in the field will do.
?Don, if you think otherwise, please let me know?
Low resistance (not impedance coz of the DC tester being used) is a gauge of the performance the GES, how it will not restrict the conduction of unwanted energy. But not of a safer electrical system.
2. In my design, if separate CEEs are not possible as primary GE, Foundation footing CEE can be allowed, provided galvanized steel, or other inert steel must be used as materials, conductor or electrode. Also G.I.Pole line accessories can be used.
Cracks and moisture seepage are typical bad conditions for Reinforced Concrete stuctures, prescence of copper near its rebars, will make it worst and fast !.
If ever I were an inspector, I would push for a local law prohibiting copper or other cathodic materials on foundation footing CEE?s, otherwise use separate CEE?s or other GE types.
3. Again as I said NEC?s 25 ohms or less can be used as basis of comparison, on ground resistance values.
Did I wrote ?NEC mandates that ?? ? Its not important to me anyway but I wonder what would inspectors say if the testing results give say 30 or 50 ohms?
davidv
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