No they don't, "but in most cases when you pull an electrical permit there is a reason for them to check the panel. If nothing else they may want to check breaker size for the circuit you are working on.
So let's say Suzzie Homeowner has me install a new receptacle in her house and we pull a permit for it. During the inspection, she pulls the fridge (which normally sits directly in front of the panel) out into the center of the basement. It's clear that she would normally have the fridge in front of the panel.
The inspector can tell her that she can't have the fridge there, however, he can't do anything about it. The same way as how he can't tell her that she can't pile junk in front of her panel. Hell, many panels are in garages in which 3,000lb objects sit inside the working space. It's just the way it is, and the inspector has no authority to do anything about it.
When an inspector spots a violation they do have the right to write it up ( if it's a safety hazard and that can be an opinion).
Could they? I'm sure the law is different in every area, but here they can't just walk thru your house and start making the homeowner spend thousands or tens of thousands on electrical upgrades.
Think about a very big safety hazard, having a receptacle by the bathroom or kitchen sink without GFCI protection. Inspectors in areas like mine, where the average house was built 60+ years ago, see this every day. But they don't have the power to make homeowners upgrade when the permit was pulled for another small job in the house.
It's much like when you get stopped for going 5 miles pr hour over the speed limit. A policeman won't always right up a ticket for speeding but he does have have that option.
I feel this is a bad analogy because the cop has the authority to write you up for the ticket. Inspectors don't have the authority to make you bring your whole house up to code. When you pull a permit and call for an inspection, the inspection is on the permitted work, nothing else.
Say you are installing a new AC condensor ( outside with non fused disconnect) and the inspector wants to check breaker size and finds a panel behind the refrigerator.
He can't do anything about it other than to ask the homeowner to move it out of his way so he can look at the panel. Just like if it were a pile of cardboard boxes filled with typical junk.
Now if you have a small fire in a bedroom (mostly smoke ) and the Fire Department is looking for a way to shut off power and they find the panel behind the refrigerator they will probably condemn the place. The Fire Marshal does have that power.
I don't know where you are going with this, but please show me a house that was condemned because the electrical panel was behind a fridge. You can't be serious with this statement.
There are many reasons why service equipment should be accessable (readily accessable).
I agree completely, no one ever said it was a bad idea, it would make my job a LOT easier if I didn't have to dig thru junk every time I had to get to a panel to do work.