Between ungrounded conductors of a grounded system, yes.
You would think that, but there is a specific provision in the code that for ungrounded systems the operating voltage shall be considered to be the maximum voltage between conductors while for grounded systems it will instead be the maximum voltage between any one conductor and ground.
So even though there are two layers of insulation between the two 600V conductors in the ungrounded system you are still limited to the single voltage rating of the insulation.
So, somewhat unexpectedly, 600-0 and 600-0-600 are both OK with 600V wire but remove the ground on the center tap of the second system and you have to use 1200V wire instead.